Vorhoff, Karin. The Qizilbashi emerged from this milieu as a militant Sufi order centered in Ardabil whose leader Ismā‘il succeeded in conquering Persia. 2003. Mélikoff, Irène. (1995), Yol muyuz Yolcu muyuz? [32] There are, however, Alevi philosophies, customs, and rituals that are appreciably different than those of Twelver Shias in Iraq, Iran, and Lebanon. Zırh, Besim Can. Like many of the verses on this list, this prayer puts our loved one's death in perspective. The Alevi cem is a communal ritual that is performed weekly among members of a major religious minority in Turkey. Köpping, Klaus–Peter. As the media come to function as the vanguard of the opposing sides, the impact is twofold: loss of an important public watchdog and a deepening of societal rifts. "Most Alevi writers and spokespersons claim that Turkey's population today is one-third Alevi-Bektashi, or more than 20 million. This ritual—translated as the “turning of the bones”—is meant to speed up decomposition and push the spirit of the dead toward the afterlife. Scattered minorities live in Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Caucasus, Greece, Iran and the Turkish Diaspora. Many events are associated with this celebration, including the salvation of Husayn's son Ali ibn Husayn from the massacre at Karbala, thus allowing the bloodline of the family of Muhammad to continue. "Ritual, Identity and the State: An Alevi (Shi’a) Cem Ceremony. It is permitted, however, on November 2, All Souls Day. Such centers no longer feature community business or deliberation, such as the old ritual of reconciliation, but emphasize musical and dance performance to the exclusion of these. Tore Ahlbäck, 131-168. 1968. Traditionally the residence of the dedebaba was the Pir Evi (The Saint's Home) which was located in the shrine of Hajji Bektash Wali in the central Anatolian town of Hacıbektaş (Solucakarahüyük). [citation needed] Alevi "possess an extensive and widely-read religious literature, mainly composed of spiritual songs, poems, and epic verse." In Alevi cosmology, God is also called Al-Haqq (the Truth)[14] or referred to as Allah. 1992. Their conversion to Islam in this period was achieved largely through the efforts not of textual scholars (ulema) expounding the finer points of Koranic exegesis and shari‘a law, but by charismatic Sufi dervishes whose cult of Muslim saint worship, mystical divination and millenarianism spoke more directly to the steppe mindset. A Turkish scholar working in France has distinguished four main groups among contemporary Alevis, which cautiously show their distinctive features in modern Turkey. Klaus–Peter Köpping, 1-39. "Do not let Your Hearts be Troubled" from John 14:1-3, 3. The name is a Turkish, Zazaki and Kurdish pronunciation of ‘Alawī () "of or pertaining to ‘Alī". ), Wilpert, Czarina (1990) “Religion and Ethnicity: Orientations, Perceptions and Strategies among Turkish Alevi and Sunni Migrants in Berlin.” In: Thomas Gerholm/Yngve Georg Lithman (eds.). Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi reports that the Tahtacı identify müsahiplik with the first gate (şeriat), since they regard it as a precondition for the second (tarikat). It is performed by men and women, to the accompaniment of the bağlama. The relationship between Alevis and Sunnis is one of mutual suspicion and prejudice dating back to the Ottoman period. According to scholar Marianne Aringberg-Laanatza, "the Turkish Alevis... do not relate themselves in any way to the Alawites in Syria. Struggling for Recognition: The Alevi Movement in Germany and in Transnational Space. "[47], Alevis have been victims of pogroms during both Ottoman times and under the Turkish republic up until the 1990. The last of these, dede "grandfather", is the term preferred by the scholarly literature. (Lit is such a Light) in houses, which God has permitted to be raised to honor; for the celebration, in them, of His name: In them is He glorified in the mornings and in the evenings, (again and again). You may need to choose a casket or an urn for your loved one's remains. 15 million..." —Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi. accompanied or guided by Bektaşi dervishes, spiritual heirs of the 13th century Sufi saint Haji Bektash Veli, himself a native of Khorasan. In the old days, marrying a Sunni [Yezide kuşak çözmek] was also accepted as an offense that led to the state of düşkün. Many Alevis refer to an "Alevi-Bektashi" tradition, but this identity is not universally accepted, nor is the combined name used by non-Turkish Bektashis (e.g., in the Balkans). Note that the dates of the Khidr holidays can differ among Alevis, most of whom use a lunar calendar, but some a solar calendar. The Politics of Safeguarding the Alevi, International Journal of Cultural Property, Reflexivity: Definitions and Discriminations, Between Dersim and Dâlahû: Reflections on Kurdish Alevism and the Ahl–i Haqq Religion, Islamic Alternatives: Non–Mainstream Religion in Persianate Societies, Pre–Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History c, Samah—Kardeçlik Töreni: A Dynamic Bodily Archive for the Alevi Semah, Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings, Turkish Alevi Poetry in the Twentieth Century: The Fusion of Political and Religious Identities, Writing Religion: The Making of Turkish Alevi Islam, Incorporating Alevis: The Transformation of Governance and Faith–Based Collective Action in Turkey, Re–imagining Identity: The Transformation of the Alevi Semah, Têtes rouges et bouches noires: Une confrérie tribale de l’ Ouest anatolien. Hidrellez honors the mysterious figure Khidr (Turkish Hizir) who is sometimes identified with the prophet Elijah (Ilyas), and is said to have drunk of the water of life. “Re–imagining Identity: The Transformation of the Alevi Semah.” Middle Eastern Studies 46 (3): 375-387. This rather lengthy prayer begins this way: "O God, whose days are without end, and whose mercies cannot be numbered, grant that the solemn services of this day may make us deeply sensible of the shortness and uncertainty of human life, and of the transitory nature of all earthly things.". Amen.". Er, is indicates that ritual competence is acquired. The study was done in 2000 and included all ethnic groupings. 15 million..." —Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi. He and Muhammad are likened to the two sides of a coin, or the two halves of an apple. We account in our analysis specically for, sures for ritual learning. “The Alevi Movement: Transformation from Secret Oral to Public Written Culture in National and Transnational Social Spaces.” PhD diss., New School for Social Research. Unlike Sunni women in Turkey, Alevi women are not required to wear a headscarf or other bodily coverings. دؤرد گوشه ده سيرر اولوبدور، / Dörd guşədə sirr olubdur, // It's a mysterious occult secret in every corner of the square. 1988. This is particularly common among Turkish teacher Sherif Baba's Rifa'i Marufi Order, whose worship combines elements of typical Alevi traditions with Sunni practices. [13] Journalist Patrick Kingsley states that for some self-described Alevi, their religion is "simply a cultural identity, rather than a form of worship".[5]. Coşkun, Zeki (1995) Aleviler, Sünniler ve … Öteki Sivas, Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Sunna and Hadith were Arab elite innovations, created to ensure Arab dominance of Islam and to enslave the masses through manipulation. According to the results, the Alevi population of Turkey, including those who currently reside in Europe, is around 10 million. According to Shi'a belief, whoever says the Shahadah is considered a Muslim. Kurds, Turks, and the Alevi revival in Turkey. Although it is common to refer to Ali and Haji Bektash Veli or the other Alevi saints as manifestations of the perfect human being, the Perfect Human Being is also identified with our true identity as pure consciousness, hence the Qur'anic concept of human beings not having original sin, consciousness being pure and perfect. HAFTARÀ According to scholar Russell Powell there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or fiqh there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it.[22]. Saraç, Necdet. White, Paul J. Istanbul: Cem. [55], Most Alevis come from Kizilbash or Bektashi origin, according to Minorityrights.org. Various opinions exist as to the nature of 'Ali. One who has achieved this kind of enlightenment is also called "eren" or "münevver" (mūnavvar). Vorhoff, Karin. How to Apply for CEM Broadcasting? Results are discussed in a moral foundations framework and consider the role of religiosity's association with political orientation and group-focused moral foundations. Coronet Books Inc, 1997. Peyikçi: this position represents Amri Ayyari. Alevism is a unique sect of Twelver Shi‘a Islam, as Alevis accept Twelver Shi‘i beliefs about Ali and the Twelve Imams. The blessing of a cemetery may take place on any day and at any hour, excepting only those days on which the consecration of a church is prohibited. You can now use Cake to create, store, and share all your end-of-life documents. (2008), Aleviliğin Siyasal Örgütlenmesi: Modernleşme, Çözülme ve Türkiye Birlik Partisi. 1: 1-21, Utilizziamo i cookie per assicurarti la migliore esperienza possibile sul nostro sito. As the tempo of the music increases, the figures become more complex and intense. The example of His light is like a niche within which there is a lamp, the lamp is encased in a glass, the glass is like a radiant planet, which is lit from a blessed olive tree that is neither of the east nor of the west, its oil nearly gives off light even if not touched by fire. 52- 70. Robert A. Segal and Kocku von Stuckrad, 44-47. Kreinath, Jens. From the highest perspective, all is God (see Wahdat-ul-Wujood). In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.). Coming out of mosques after their Friday's prayer, a mob of 20,000 or so Sunnis surrounded the Madimak hotel, chanting anti-Alevi and pro-sharia slogans. “Une minorité chîite en Anatolie: Les Alevî” [A Shiite minority in Anatolia: The Alevi]. Kaya, Ayhan (2000) Berlin’deki Küçük İstanbul: Diyaspora Kimliğinin Oluşumu, Istanbul: Büke Yayınları. The existence of the third and fourth gates is mostly theoretical, though some older Alevis have apparently received initiation into the third. Participants perform cem rituals for unity, solidarity, peace, fertility, and to avoid becoming an outsider from their ocak. Other non-Alevis, such as Ruhi Su and Zülfü Livaneli, have recorded many Alevi songs. Balkız, Ali. Vergin, Nur (2000, [1981]) “Din ve Muhalif Olmak: Bir Halk Dini Olarak Alevilik.” In: Nur Vergin (ed.) In Im Rausch des Rituals: Gestaltung und Transformation der Wirklichkeit in körperlicher Performanz [In the trance of ritual: Formation and transformation of reality in bodily performance], ed. [50] The Ottoman Empire later proclaimed themselves its defenders against the Safavid Shia state and related sects. Here are a few more prayers appropriate for a Catholic funeral: "May Christ who rose from the dead, our true God, moved by the intercession of his spotless mother and of all the saints, place the soul of his departed servant in the tabernacles of the just; may he lay him to rest in the bosom of Abraham, numbering him among the just; and may he, who is both good and kind, have mercy upon us. Rituals are performed in Turkish, Zazaki, Kurmanji and other local languages. İstanbul: İletişim. During the ceremony Dem is one of the twelve duties of the participants. Each Imam is believed to be a reflection of Ali ibn Abu Talib, the first Imam of the Shi'ites, and there are references to the "First Ali" (Birinci Ali), Imam Hasan the "Second 'Ali" (İkinci Ali), and so on up to the "Twelfth 'Ali" (Onikinci Ali), Imam Mehdi. Because there was not even one single Muslim or Turk in Anatolia before a specific date. 10.6 million) —David Shankland. According to more orthodox Shia Muslims, Alevis are labeled as "Batiniyya" groups since Alevis praise Ali beyond what mainstream Shia Muslims expect. The 1990s brought a new emphasis on Alevism as a cultural identity. "...a world total of between 10 and 15 million adherents. Kaplan, İsmail. Vergin, Nur (2000, [1981]), Din, Toplum ve Siyasal Sistem, İstanbul: Bağlam. Twitter. "They are worried of the repercussions for Alawites there, as well as for themselves."[35]. Gloria L. Clarke, The World of the Alevis, AVC Publication, 1999. Pir Sultan Abdal, a 16th-century Alevi poet whose poems and songs often contain spiritual themes, is revered as a saint and hero.

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